Oil extraction involves various techniques to recover crude oil from underground reservoirs. The process begins with drilling wells into the earth’s surface, either on land or beneath the ocean. Initially, oil is naturally brought to the surface due to the pressure in the reservoir. As pressure decreases over time, additional methods such as water flooding or gas injection are used to maintain pressure and recover more oil. Advanced techniques like enhanced oil recovery (EOR) involve injecting substances such as CO2 or steam to reduce the viscosity of the oil, making it easier to pump. In certain cases, like oil sands, the oil is extracted by separating it from the surrounding sand or rock using mining or steam. Each of these methods helps maximize the amount of oil extracted from a reservoir.

 Upstream oil activities refer to the initial stages of the oil industry, focused on the exploration, drilling, and production of crude oil. These activities are related to discovering and extracting oil from underground reservoirs before it is transported, refined, or distributed.

Offshore drilling refers to the process of drilling wells in bodies of water, typically in the ocean, to extract oil or natural gas from beneath the sea floor. It is used when oil or gas reservoirs are located under the ocean rather than on land.

Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is a technique used in oil production to extract oil or natural gas from deep underground reservoirs. It involves injecting high-pressure fluid into the rock formations to crack them, creating pathways for oil or gas to flow to the surface.

Pipelines play a crucial role in the transportation of oil, gas, and other liquids over long distances. They provide a safe, efficient, and cost-effective method for moving large volumes of these materials from production sites to refineries, storage facilities, or distribution points.